who had gradually acquired more and more Privileges such as the right to hold at first moveable and then even immovable property (the latter, however, oniy after 1200). Moreover, from the sarne period of time (final 12th Century) we perceive a gradual concentration of executive power of management of the property of the "well-born** social groups in hands of single male individuals (lineage heads?), who ascended to decision-making positions, bearing, at the same time, responsibility for the less pri-vileged family members.

A similar trend of atomization seem to have been opera-ting in the sphere of commoner groups. Before 1100, these were organized in large regional groupings referred to by names derived from geographical or locational features and bearing the suffix -ane (denoting most prob-ably a common geographical origin of the group of persons so named). After 1100, such groupings were replaced (at least in the written sources) by administrative provinces of the Pfemysl-dynasty state and the -ane names de-creased greatly in significance (their Proportion to the rest of Bohemian settlements mentioned in Charters dated between 1000 and 1200 amounting to 6.3%). In addition to that, the -ane names attested to after 1100 denote individual villages and the assumption that the internal structure of the resident population groups differed from that of the -ici collectives seems to be valid. The whole process might thus have started, after 1000 A.D., with the basic tissue of resident communities bearing the -ici names clustered into more or less naturally formed regional units referred to by the -ane names in written sources. After 1100, introduction of the administrative provinces of the Prcmysl-dynasty state did away with the -ane groupings and exposed thus the -ici Settlement pattem. Until 1200, the -ici names survived in a remarkably constant Proportion to the rest of the toponyms (though, in fact, it varied strongly between 30% and 70%), falling

SOU)

Spolecnost teto doby v Cechach lze po mem soudu cha-rakterizovat ve ctyrech velkyeh seskupenich: knize a jeho bezprostfedni okoli, obyvatelstvo „urozene“ (uvozovky naznaßuji, ze neznäme blize konkretni obsah tohoto ter-minu pramenü), obyvatelstvo neurozene a konecnS sku-piny nejmene privilegovane.

Prostredi knizeeiho dvora bylo dostatcSne podrobnS studoväno v fad2 recenmich praci, pripojuji zde proto pouze nekolik poznämek. Upozornuji pfedevsim na sku-teßnost, ze lze pramennymi üdaji dolozit, 2e knizeti nenä-lczela vSechna nekultivovanä püda, a ie pramenne zdroje pro nabyvani knizeeiho vlastnictvi v tomto obdobi opako-vanS zdürazftuji legitimitu a spolc&nskou pfijatelnost postupü zemSpäna. To arci müze pfedstavovat eufemisticky pojaty vyraz knizeeiho diktätu, avgak vyplyva to nepo-chybne z pfedstav o pusobeni zemskeho ustredi vc shode se vSeobecnS uznävanou soustavou fädu a präva, jak to pro ranS stfedovgke Polsko predpokladä K. Modzelewski. Na poöätku tohoto obdobi zastihujeme premyslovskä kniiata obklopenä prostredim sve druziny, väzane svym ekonomickym zabezpecenim a snad i rezidenci na sluzbu v knizeci sprävni soustave. V prostredi druzinikü lze

below 30% only in the second half and particularly during the last two decades of 12th Century. DifTerences between “well-born” and commoner groups are not well discernible in the sources; most of the commoners probably lived as peasants and kinship relations played a role in property transfers among them (they referred to themselves as "heredes”, i.e. inheritors; in Czech, the term “inheritor” = dedic may be etymologically identified with “the descendant of an ancestor”, substantive “d$d” and the generic suffix -/c). These groups may have concluded an alliance with the paramounts of the land, visualized — and perhaps also symbolized — by reciprocal exchange: the commoners supplied the material needs of the dukes who, in their turn, maintained the overall social balance referred to as “Saint Venceslas’s peace*’ (a part of the legends of official ducal seals of the period having been “Pax sancti Wen-ceslai in manu ducis XY”). Hardly any features of this social stratum are clearly discernible in the sources save for the fact that women might have played somewhat le$$ restricted social roles in these circles.

The salient feature of the underprivileged groups is likely to have been their exclusion from holding hereditary landed property and the consequent need to earn their bread either by carrying out auxiliary tasks (e.g. as labour hands on farms) or by work divorced from tilling the soil (ans and crafts, for instance). The meagre amount of Information at our hand jndicates that these people probably held shelters and equipment needed for their professions, lived in nuclear families and might have had a sub-culture of their own including essentials of genea-logical Information, Far from having been limited to the estates of the rieh, they might have constitutcd a regulär feature of the social landscape of Contemporary Bohemia, including subservience to simple rural families.

Translated by Petr Charvdt

J HRN

pfedpoklädat existenci jednotlivych jadernych rodin (nuclear families), v jejichz vzäjemnych vztazich hräly roli zre-tele mocenske i majetkove. V teto patriarchälnS a5. virilnS orientovane spolecnosti zfejmS prevlädal väle£nicky ethos i vysoke hodnoceni bojovnicke solidarity; snatkovä poli-tika tu püsobila predevSim ve smeru navazoväni spole-censky zädoucich kontaktü. V dobe pozdSjsi se 2?ejm$ pom&ry v teto skupine ptibliZily situaci „urozenych“ vrstev.

Prostredi „urozenych“ obyvatel ranS stredovSkych Cech charakterizovaly zrejmS skupiny, oznaSovane v pra-menech nazvy, odvozenymi od osobnich jmen koncovkou -fcf. Lze si je asi predstavit jako patrilineärni a snad patri-lokälni uskupeni, opSt s roli Zen jako zprostredkovatelek spolefcensky zädoucich pribuzenskyeh spojeni. Jejich ozna-2eni bylo patrnS voleno podle predka ci nejstarsiho znäme-ho (5i uznävaneho) clena skupiny a nevidim zasadni argu-menty proti interpretaci tSchto kolektivü jako rozrodü (lineages). Sve statky drzeli jejich Slenove osobnS, avsak pfi jejich zcizoväni hrälo roli postaveni drzitele uvnitr skupiny. Zatimco vnitroskupinove prevody (napr. vgno) nenarazely na podstatnej§i pfekazky, podrzeji si ölenove